Hurricane/tropical storm rainwater chemistry in the US (2008 to 2019)

Yixi Qiu1, Yixi Qiu2 and Joseph David Felix3

Rainwater chemistry is well documented worldwide but the components of extreme rain events are not well characterized. This is despite an increasing trend in intensity and frequency of extreme events and the potential excess loading of essential elements to ecosystems that can rival total annual loading. As extreme rain events become more prevalent, an assessment of the impacts imposed by hurricane/tropical storm events can be valuable for future resiliency strategies. Here the chemical characteristics of hurricane/tropical storms and normal rain events from 2008 to 2019 were acquired from the National Atmospheric Deposition Program (NADP). It was found that the average pH of hurricane/tropical storm events (5.36) was slightly higher (p < 0.05) than that of normal events (5.14). About 81% of 164 hurricane/storm samples and 85% of 5602 normal rain samples had pH below 5.6. NH4+ was the dominant neutralization ion for both hurricane/tropical storm and normal rain events. On average, one single hurricane/tropical storm event can deposit 8% of yearly rain volume in the hurricane affected region. It can also deposit an annual mean of 6% of Ca2+, 10% of Mg2+, 10% of K+, 11% of Na+, 4% of NH4+, 3% of NO3-, 11% of Cl- and 5% of SO42-. Hurricane Barry alone contributed 52%, 56% and 55% of yearly deposition of Mg2+, Na+ and Cl-, respectively, in 2019. Tropical Storm Colin contributed 47%, 19%, 15% and 15% of yearly deposition of Ca2+, NH4+, NO3- and SO42-, respectively, in 2016. Investigating ionic composition via principal component analysis suggests five potential sources (i.e. marine, crust, fossil fuel combustion, agriculture and biomass burning) contribute to the chemical composition of rain. Mg2+, Na+ and Cl- were primarily marine-originated in both normal and hurricane/tropical storms events. Hurricane/tropical storms events could bring considerable sea-salt SO42- and Ca2+ whereas biomass burning and crust dust from wind erosion was the dominant source of SO42- and Ca2+, respectively, in normal rain events. Extreme rain events are associated with high wind speeds and suspend soil materials in the air, subsequently depositing crust-originated ions (i.e. K+ and Ca2+). Agriculture and fossil fuel were the primary sources of NH4+ and NO3-, respectively, in both rain events. Results will provide a comprehensive assessment of the rainwater chemistry of hurricane/tropical storms and insight to expected ecosystem loading for future extreme events.

 

1Miss, yqiu@islander.tamucc.edu
2Miss, yqiu@islander.tamucc.edu
3Dr, joseph.felix@tamucc.edu