Evaluation of the Efficacy of the National Atmospheric Deposition Program (NADP) National Trends Network (NTN) for Assessment of PFAS Deposition in Precipitation
Martin Shafer1, Mark Olson2, Camille Danielson3 and Kirsten Widmayer4
In this pilot study we address the efficacy of the National Atmospheric Deposition Program (NADP) precipitation samples for PFAS deposition determination and provide new data on levels of PFAS in precipitation across the US. We performed PFAS measurements on geographically diverse precipitation samples from the NADP National Trends Network (NTN) and in parallel conducted laboratory and field experiments designed to examine whether the NTN as currently configured would support using the large network of 255 sites as a national PFAS sampling network. The importance of precipitation as a vector of a wide range of environmental contaminants to aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems is well documented. Precipitation is also a valuable sentinel of atmospheric contaminant pools and processing. An increasing body of evidence documents measurable levels of a broad range of PFAS species in precipitation, but key gaps in our understanding of atmospheric sources and processing of PFAS remain. Information on short-chain (C3-C7) PFAS species, which may preferentially enter atmospheric cycles, is particularly sparse. Precipitation samples were obtained from the NADP central laboratory at the UW-Madison Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene (WSLH) immediately upon receipt of the samples at the laboratory. Processing and analysis of the samples for 36 PFAS species at the WSLH followed ISO method 21675. Thirty-five samples, representing both urban and rural sites across the US were selected for analysis. NTN sites near probably PFAS sources were also chosen. Dedicated experiments with the diverse suite of 36 PFAS compounds addressed stability and losses of the PFAS species in the NTN precipitation collectors, with outcomes showing acceptable stability/preservation over the 7-day NTN collection period. Outcomes of system blank studies demonstrated that both “bag” and “bucket” NTN collectors were exceptionally clean with respect to PFAS contamination. Concentrations of the detectable PFAS species were low, generally less than 1 ng/L, though the sum of the quantified species exceeded 4 ng/L at many sites. The carboxylic acid species were by far the most frequently detected, with PFHxA, PFHpA, PFOA and PFNA each present in nearly 70% of all samples. Shorter-chain PFAS compounds dominated, with no PFAS compounds with carbon numbers greater than nine detected. Sites from the mid-Atlantic states generally had the greatest number of detectable PFAS species and highest concentrations. The presentation will focus on outcomes of the monitoring network evaluation and present a synoptic overview of levels and speciation of PFAS in precipitation across the US.
1University of Wisconsin - State Laboratory of Hygiene, mmshafer@wisc.edu
2UW-Madison State Laboratory of Hygiene, Mark.Olson@slh.wisc.edu
3UW-Madison State Laboratory of Hygiene, Camille.Danielson@slh.wisc.edu
4UW-Madison State Laboratory of Hygiene, Kirsten.Widmayer@slh.wisc.edu