Measuring Surface-atmosphere exchange of ammonia over a corn field using the eddy covariance method

Saumya Singh1, Alex Moravek2, Elizabeth Pattey3, Amy Hrdina4, Thoodora Li5, Luc Pelletier6, Stuart Admiral7 and Jennifer G Murphy8

Atmospheric ammonia (NH3) is an important precursor of fine particulate matter in the atmosphere, adversely affecting air quality, climate and biodiversity. Ammonia originates mostly from agricultural sources, including N synthetic and organic fertilization. It is important to quantify NH3 exchange of crops to better understand the conditions favouring ammonia volatilization/deposition in response to fertilizer application and crop growth. However, NH3 fluxes are challenging to measure because NH3 is easily adsorbed and desorbed from most surfaces. The study presents the direct eddy covariance (EC) NH3 fluxes measured over the 2017 and 2018 growing seasons from a urea-fertilized corn field located in Ottawa, Canada. A flux tower was equipped with a 3-D sonic anemometer (CSAT3; Campbell Scientific, UT) and a fast time-response Quantum Cascade Tunable Infrared Differential Absorption Spectrometer (QC-TILDAS; Aerodyne Research, MA) for NH3 measurements. The second year had a rainfall deficit while the first year had unusual rainfall surplus. During the 2017 growing season, NH3 emission reached up to 500 ng m‑2 s-1 within the first week following urea application as the urea hydrolysis occurred quickly due to significant rain within this period. As the canopy started growing, the NH3 emissions decreased and at the end of the growing season deposition of NH3 dominated. In 2018, there was little evidence of NH3 emission immediately following fertilizer application, but sustained emissions occurred following a rainfall event two weeks later. The results from both years highlight the importance of measuring fluxes over long periods to capture the bi-directional exchanges of NH3 and evaluate the contribution of NH3 fluxes to the annual nitrogen budget.

 

1Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6, Canada, saumya.singh@utoronto.ca
2Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6, Canada, a.moravek@utoronto.ca
3Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Ave, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0C6, Canada, elizabeth.pattey@agr.gc.ca
4Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6, Canada, amy.hrdina@gmail.com
5Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6, Canada, theodora.li@mail.utoronto.ca
6Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Ave, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0C6, Canada, luc.pelletier3@canada.ca
7Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Ave, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0C6, Canada, stuart.admiral@agr.gc.ca
8Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6, Canada, jmurphy@chem.utoronto.ca