Changes in stream chemistry at high flow during 23 years of decreasing acid deposition in the Catskill Mountains of New York
Michael McHale1, Douglas Burns2, Jason Siemion3 and Michael Antidormi4
The Catskill Mountains of New York is a region with demonstrated sensitivity to acid rain. The headwaters of the Neversink River basin are the most sensitive waters in the region with both chronically and episodically acidic streams. High-flow events (storms and snowmelt) cause sharp reductions in acid neutralizing capacity (ANC) and increases in nitrate (NO3-) and inorganic monomeric aluminum (Alim). Even as streams recover from chronic acidification because of reductions in acidic deposition, episodic acidification may continue to cause sharp declines in ANC and increases in NO3-NO3- and Alim that can have deleterious effects on stream ecosystems. We examined changes in stream chemistry throughout a 23 year period of decreasing acid deposition across all flow conditions, with particular emphasis on examining changes during high flow. Our results indicate that both chronically and episodically acidic streams are improving at similar rates and that trends were similar between high flow and all flow conditions. Initially we focused on spring snowmelt; we computed Mann-Kendall trends for stream chemistry during April of each year because April is the month during which peak spring streamflow typically occurs in this region. We found that ANC and sulfate (SO42-) trends were of similar magnitude and direction between April-only and annual seasonal-Kendall trends. Furthermore, the most acidic stations showed the largest recovery from acidification during spring melt. In fact the only significant Alim April trends occurred at the 2 most acidic stations. In general, there were fewer significant trends in chemistry during April compared to the entire year at every station and there were no significant trends that changed direction between the April and annual trends. We also compared annual flow-weighted mean solute concentrations at low flow, high flow, and all flow conditions to examine whether the recovery documented by seasonal-Kendall and the April Mann-Kendall trend analyses was apparent across flow conditions. The greatest increases in ANC from the beginning of the study period to the end of the study period were measured during high flow. The decrease in the number of acid episodes resulted in a decrease in Alim concentrations at high flow. Perhaps the most important finding was that the frequency and magnitude of acidic episodes has decreased dramatically at the most acidic station and Alim concentrations have decreased considerably during acidic episodes.
1U.S. Geological Survey, mmchale@usgs.gov 2U.S. Geological Survey, daburns@usgs.gov 3U.S. Geological Survey, jsiemion@usgs.gov 4U.S. Geological Survey, mantidormi@usgs.gov